Let me bring this discussion back to the older times. What better than to nominate a historic historian from more than 2 millennia ago? Pueros may find this interesting. (Spoiler: Don’t get on the wrong side of a historian!)
Sima Qian (司馬遷)(c. 145 - c. 86 BCE) was a Chinese historian during the early Han dynasty (漢朝) who is widely regarded as the father of Chinese historiography[3]. Born in Longmen (龍門, now Hancheng, Shaanxi province 陝西韓城), he was the son of Sima Tan (司馬談), who served as the grand historian (or astronomer royal) at the Han court[1][3].
Career and Contributions
Sima Qian succeeded his father as grand historian in 108 BCE after his father's death[1]. This position combined responsibilities for astronomical observations, calendar regulation, and keeping records of state events[1]. In 105 BCE, he was among the scholars chosen to reform the Chinese calendar[3].
His most significant achievement was authoring the Shiji (史記, "Historical Records" or "Records of the Grand Historian"), which he completed around 94 BCE[2][3]. This monumental work was the first comprehensive history of China, covering more than two thousand years from the legendary Yellow Emperor (黃帝) to the reign of Emperor Wu of Han (漢武帝, "The Martial Emperor")[3].
Innovations in Historical Writing
Sima Qian revolutionized Chinese historiography in several ways:
1. He created a universal history that covered not only China but neighboring nations like Korea and Vietnam[3].
2. He used diverse sources, including interviews with witnesses, site visits, and examination of documents from different regions[3].
3. He broke with the traditional chronological structure by dividing his work into five sections: basic annals (often reserved for rulers), chronological tables, treatises, accounts of ruling families, and biographies[3].
4. He included people from all walks of life in his biographies, not just nobles and officials, featuring poets, merchants, comedians, assassins, and philosophers[3].
Personal Tragedy
In 99 BCE, Sima Qian defended General Li Ling (李陵), who had been blamed for an unsuccessful campaign against the Xiongnu (匈奴, the nomadic peoples of the Eurasian steppes)[3]. This act deeply offended Emperor Wu, and Sima Qian was given the choice of execution or castration[3]. He chose castration so that he could complete his historical work[1][3]. Despite this humiliation, he continued to serve in the Han court as a court archivist, a position reserved for eunuchs[3].
The Inclusion of Xiang Yu (項羽) in Basic Annals
One of the interestering aspects of Sima Qian's work was his decision to include Xiang Yu in the Basic Annals section, despite Xiang Yu never being an official emperor. Xiang Yu was the King of Chu (楚王), the biggest rival and enemy of the Han dynasty to a unified China. Xiang Yu was ultimately defeated by the founding Han Emperor Gao Zu (漢高祖) and committed suicide about a century prior (202 BCE). Sima Qian justified including the defeated king into the Basic Annals by noting that Xiang Yu, "though not officially emperor, in actuality ruled the country for a time"[13]. This placement reflects Sima's approach of organizing historical figures based on their actual impact rather than just their official titles.
Interestingly, Emperor Wu of Han, under whom Sima Qian served and suffered castration, does not appear to have received a dedicated Basic Annals chapter. As Sima Qian drew closer to his own time, he tended to record "mere summaries of the official acts of the emperors, quoting at length from memorials and imperial edicts," possibly to avoid direct criticism of the reigning emperor. In my very humble opinion, it was a a very subtle protest to his mistreatments by the emperor.
Legacy
Sima Qian is remembered not only as a historian but also as a master of flexible Chinese prose[1]. His work served as the model for official histories in China and throughout East Asia for centuries[3]. The Shiji changed how history in China was written and understood, establishing a standard against which all later histories would be measured[1][2].
His approach to history was distinctly Confucian, viewing his historical work as an act of filial piety, completing the project his father had begun[2][3]. Yet he was also innovative in treating non-Chinese peoples, such as the Xiongnu, as human beings equal to those of the Middle Kingdom, rather than as savages[3].
Sima Qian likely died around 86 BCE, possibly around the same time as Emperor Wu[3].
Sources
[1] Sima Qian | Chinese Historian, Scientist & Father of ... - Britannica
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sima-Qian
[2] Sima Qian - World History Encyclopedia
https://www.worldhistory.org/Sima_Qian/
[3] Sima Qian - Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sima_Qian
[4] Sima Qian's Imperial Dilemma | Oxford and Empire Network
https://oxfordandempire.web.ox.ac.uk/ar ... al-dilemma
[5] [PDF] Sima Qian's Conquest Of History" By G. Hardy - Swarthmore College
https://works.swarthmore.edu/cgi/viewco ... ac-chinese
[6] Sima Qian | 司馬遷 - Tao Te Ching
https://laotzu.xyz/author/display?id=560
[7] Records of the Grand Historian | Columbia University Press
http://cup.columbia.edu/book/records-of ... 0231081672
[8] The reception of Sima Qian in the world—Editor's introduction
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10 ... 24.2350897
[9] Literature and History in the Shi ji of Sima Qian
http://cup.columbia.edu/book/literature ... 9882373280
[10] Sima Qian: China's 'grand historian' - BBC News
https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-19835484
[11] The History of Others: Foreign Peoples in Early Chinese ...
https://www.ias.edu/ideas/2008/di-cosmo-historiography
[12] Worlds of Bronze and Bamboo | Columbia University Press
http://cup.columbia.edu/book/worlds-of- ... 0231113045
[13] [PDF] Introduction to “The Records of the Grand Historian” “Sima Qian - edX
https://courses.edx.org/assets/coursewa ... OCR_1_.pdf